Humla District is located in the northwestern part of the Karnali Zone in the Mid-Western Development Region. It is the second largest district in Nepal in terms of geographical area and the second lowest in terms of population density. According to the Human Development Index, Humla district ranks 74th with an HDI value of 0.432.
The district is still not connected to the national road network. Therefore, it can be said that the entrance of development of this district has not been opened yet. The resources available in the district have not been utilized effectively. Due to the state's exclusion, the people living in this district are deprived of basic necessities like health, education and nutrition.
The northwestern part bordering Tibet is relatively better off than the southern part bordering Mugu district. The district headquarters is at Simkot and efforts have been made to connect it with the Tibetan border by road, while the only means of transportation from other parts of Nepal is by air to Nepalgunj, Simkot and Surkhet Simkot.
In this section, physical, natural, administrative and historical details of Humla district are presented. In particular, the geographical and administrative location of Humla district, historical background, geographical and natural details, climate and water resources details have been explained and analyzed.
2.2 Geographical location and administrative and political divisions
Geographically, Humla district extends from 29 º 35 º to 30 ॠ57 north latitude and from 8 º 18 to 82 º 10 east longitude. Occupying a total area of 5655 sq km, it is the second largest district in Nepal after Dolpa. Humla is situated at an altitude of 1524 m to 7337 m above sea level. The district is bounded on the east by Mugu, on the south by Bajura and Mugu, on the north by Tibet Autonomous Region of China and on the west by Bajhang and Tibet Autonomous Region. In terms of geographical area and structure, the district is divided into high mountainous areas, high hilly areas and hilly and river basin areas.
Administratively, Humla district falls in the Karnali Zone under the Mid-Western Development Region of Nepal. Humla district, divided into 9 areas and 27 VDCs, has only one constituency. The district headquarters is at Simkot which is located at an altitude of 2945 m above sea level. Political and administrative details of Humla district are given in table no. Is presented in 2.1.
Table No. Administrative Division of Humla District
Area Number VDC Number of VDC Name Kaifiyat
13 Simkot, Vargaun, Thehe Constituency No. 1 (one) only
23 Hepka, Dandaphaya, Sanda
33 Khagalgaon, Muchu, Limi
43 Chhipra, Kharpunath, Lali
54 Raya, Sarkideu, Sanya, Bargaun
63 Melchham, Gothi, Rodikot
73 Shrimastha, Mimi, Darma
83 Jair, Srinagar, Kalika
92 Madana, dirty
Total 27 constituencies: 1, area no. : 9
2.3 Historical background of the district
Humla district in the Karnali zone of Nepal is known as a high potential Himalayan district. This district is located in the far northwest of the country and the northern point of the country is also Yari. After Medina became the ruler of Jumla in 1393, Jumla ceded Humla to her son-in-law Baliraj Shahi. His descendants ruled the state until 1736. In the time of Bahadur Shah, B.Sc. Jumla was ruled by the Gurkha army in 1846. The army led by Bhakti Thapa suppressed the revolt and annexed the territory up to the search for Tibet as an administrative region of Nepal. It is also clear from the situation of Nepalis living in the northwest of Taklakot in Tibet that Bhakti Thapa annexed other parts of Tibet to Nepal. V.S. In the political division of the Kingdom of Nepal in 2018 BS, Humla was established as an independent district. There is an interesting context in naming this district. The naming of this district, which is full of innumerable mountain ranges, is also based on its seropher. According to one view, Khorpunath, a famous pilgrimage site in the district, was built in ancient times because of the Koti home here. . In addition to this, it is said that Hunla came from Hun and Lha as the Hun tribes entered Tibet through Lha Bhanjyang through this route.
2.4 Soil texture, fertility and soil erosion
Comparing this district with other districts of Nepal, in terms of agricultural production, half of the district, which cannot be used for agricultural production in any way, covers an area of about 3072 sq. Km. The area is covered with rock so the soil texture here is not cultivable but covered with rock, gravel and snow. As a result, there is a lack of land for cultivation and even on the steepest land covered by forests, the land is degraded due to erosion.Is being transformed. In addition to this, it seems to be possible to cultivate here due to less rainfall than other regions, but people are cultivating in some parts even in the form of khoriya. In fact, there is no suitable land available for cultivation. Therefore, there is a shortage of food for 12 months. Based on the scientific use of land here, it seems suitable for fruits, forest, pasture and animal husbandry.
Although limited in quantity, other districts like paddy, maize, millet, sorghum, wheat and barley are cultivated in this district and potato is the staple food. Uva is used as a staple food in most of the agricultural areas of the district.
According to the type and composition of the soil, the district is divided into three parts and regions as follows.
1. Hocho area to the south: It is a relatively flat area on the river bank with loamy soil brought by the river channel. Pango, loam and sandy soils are found here in which paddy, wheat and maize are cultivated. At the same time, forests are also found in this area.
2. Highlands: This region, with its high terrain and high peaks, is covered with snow for most of the month. Most of it is rocky and some of it is forested. It is mainly found in gravel and sandy soils.
3. Area around the district headquarters: This area has sandy and rocky soils. In this area fapar, wheat, barley, kaguno, uva, chino, millet, bean and potato are cultivated.
Due to the high mountainous climate, there is not much rainfall here, so the amount of soil erosion caused by rainfall is limited. However, the problem of soil erosion also exists due to the steep terrain, the practice of cultivating by digging ditches and the large number of rivers. In addition, landslides during the winter season cause soil erosion. But unlike other districts, there is no problem of soil erosion and river erosion.
2.5. Climate
As a mountainous district, Humla district of Chiniot is divided into three parts including high hilly, central hilly and low river bank and valley area in terms of ecological area and climate. Located at an altitude of 1524 m to 7337 m above sea level, the district has a temperate, temperate and temperate climate. The maximum temperature of this district is 10 to 25º Celsius and the minimum temperature is -10º to -28º. As this district is located in the mountainous part of the far northwestern part of Nepal, it receives relatively less rainfall. The average annual rainfall is found to be 25.4 to 146.9 mm.
Due to its diverse climate and geo-natural structure, the climate here, like other high hill districts of Nepal, is found to be heterogeneous and diverse. There is also variation in altitude and climatic conditions in the northern and southern slopes of the hill slopes and high lakes and hills around the district are usually frozen for about twelve months. Other high mountain areas also get snow during winter.
2.6 Reservoir
Humla district is rich in water resources. Karnali, the longest river in Nepal, enters from Tibet through Yari Naka and flows through Humla district. In addition to this, there are more than 100 rivers with permanent sources of melting snow, more than 20 naturally beautiful and culturally important lakes, roots and waterfalls
2.7. Main festivals
Due to the presence of Hindus and Buddhists in this district, it is customary to celebrate national festivals like Dashai, Tihar, Maghe Sankranti, Chaite Dashai etc. as well as local festivals. In the local festivals Saune Sankranti, Anante Purnima (Indra Jatra), Gaura festival is celebrated with more pomp than Dashai Tihar. In this festival, local Deuda folk dance is sung and danced in groups of men and women. Buddhists celebrate Losar, Mane and Ralink Purnima with pomp and circumstance.
2.8 Costume
Due to the diversity of climate in this district, there is also diversity in living conditions and dress. The geographical forest cover of Humla district is mainly divided into three parts. Most of the time it snows and it is very cold in the area. Since all the Buddhists live in the area, they wear Vakhu, Pakho, Suruwal and Docha in their costumes. Cholo wears dhoti and a painted shirt. Similarly, the southern part of the district has a warmer climate than the central part and is mostly inhabited by Hindus
The women of this district wear local traditional jewelery as well as modern jewelery. In local jewelery, grandchildren, Kauda garlands, Muga and coin garlands as well as Phuli Wulaki, hats, rings, etc. are found, while Buddhist women wear fingers on their ears, pearl garlands on their necks and rings on their fingers.
2.9 Values and beliefs
Both Hindus and Buddhists in the district believe in Dhami, Jhakri and Lama. Most of the family members in rural areas are sickIt is customary to seek treatment from Dhami, Jhakri and Lama even in case of agricultural and animal problems.
According to their respective rites, the followers of both religions perform various rites from birth to death such as Nawaran, Pasni, Vratvandha, marriage and after death. It is customary to burn the body after death and bury it in the ground in case of children. It is customary to perform the ritual on the 13th day after the death for about 12 days. It is also customary not to eat meat for one year after the death of the grandfather and not to drink milk for one year after the death of the mother. Buddhists, on the other hand, have the custom of burying the corpse on the ground where the lama saw the fortune-teller or cutting it and feeding it to the vulture. Due to the tradition of non-touching Hindu women for 7 days and untouchable during maternity for 15 to 45 days, it is customary to keep the animal in the barn and give the same food. Hindus have a tradition of giving birth to a son with pomp and circumstance in 9 days and giving birth to a daughter in 6 days. Boys are fasted at the age of 7 to 16 years, but after that the upper castes like Brahmins, Shahis and Thakuri have traditionally started eating which is not touched by the lower castes, but now it is gradually disappearing. Untouchability is still practiced in this district.
2.10. Marriage system and marital practice
In this district, marriage is practiced in the traditional way. Due to which child marriage is still found to be prevalent. Usually the age of marriage is 10 to 20 years. The practice of marrying a daughter without menstruation by the Brahmin caste is still found. There is still a tradition that a married woman has to pay if someone else marries her. Depending on the nature and condition of the issue, it is found to be between 10-15 thousand to 200,000. A man who can pay a lot of money is accepted in the society. Among the Lama castes in this district, polygamy is still practiced. It is customary for all brothers to have the same wife. If you get married separately, you will be deprived of your share and will have to live separately. With the influence of modern life, this practice is gradually disappearing.
2.11. Monasteries, temples and tombs
Out of the 27 VDCs of this district, the VDC is inhabited by Buddhists. Among them are Limi, Muchu, Khagalgaon, Hepka, Vargaon, Simkot, Thehe and 7 VDCs. There are other VDCs. There is a predominance of regional castes. Among the popular temples of Hindus in this district are Kharpunath, Mahadeval temple, Lavasur Madu, Bhagwati Madu, etc., while among the caves of Buddhists, Raling Gumba, Yalwang Gumba, Riziling Gumba etc. are prominent.
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